{"id":885,"date":"2017-11-05T14:59:41","date_gmt":"2017-11-05T14:59:41","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/iscpif.fr\/chavalarias\/?p=885"},"modified":"2021-03-25T17:46:05","modified_gmt":"2021-03-25T17:46:05","slug":"political-activist-twitter-networks","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/iscpif.fr\/chavalarias\/?p=885","title":{"rendered":"Reconstruction of the socio-semantic dynamics of political activist Twitter networks"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id='full_slider_1'  class='avia-fullwidth-slider main_color avia-shadow   avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_one_third  avia-builder-el-first   container_wrap fullsize'  ><div  class='avia-slideshow av-1r1v6t-14562bee9a4277e4f3ef33e72e4a6f91 avia-slideshow-featured av_slideshow_full avia-slide-slider av-slideshow-ui av-control-default av-slideshow-manual av-loop-once av-loop-manual-endless av-default-height-applied   avia-slideshow-1' data-slideshow-options=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;slide&quot;,&quot;autoplay&quot;:false,&quot;loop_autoplay&quot;:&quot;once&quot;,&quot;interval&quot;:5,&quot;loop_manual&quot;:&quot;manual-endless&quot;,&quot;autoplay_stopper&quot;:false,&quot;noNavigation&quot;:false,&quot;bg_slider&quot;:false,&quot;keep_padding&quot;:false,&quot;hoverpause&quot;:false,&quot;show_slide_delay&quot;:0}\"  itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><ul class='avia-slideshow-inner ' style='padding-bottom: 28.666666666667%;'><li  class='avia-slideshow-slide av-1r1v6t-14562bee9a4277e4f3ef33e72e4a6f91__0  av-single-slide slide-1 slide-odd'><div data-rel='slideshow-1' class='avia-slide-wrap '   ><div class='av-slideshow-caption av-1r1v6t-14562bee9a4277e4f3ef33e72e4a6f91__0 caption_fullwidth caption_right caption_right_framed caption_framed'><div class=\"container caption_container\"><div class=\"slideshow_caption\"><div class=\"slideshow_inner_caption\"><div class=\"slideshow_align_caption\"><h2 class='avia-caption-title '  itemprop=\"name\" >Reconstruction of the socio-semantic dynamics of political activist Twitter networks<\/h2><div class='avia-caption-content '  itemprop=\"description\" ><p>Method and application to the 2017 French Presidential election<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class=\"wp-image-814 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-814\"  src=\"https:\/\/iscpif.fr\/chavalarias\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2017\/09\/AlluvialFullyAnnotatedSD-1500x430.png\" width=\"1500\" height=\"430\" title='AlluvialFullyAnnotatedSD' alt=''  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\"   \/><\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><div id='after_full_slider_1'  class='main_color av_default_container_wrap container_wrap fullsize'  ><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-full alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-885'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-10pssd-c8212bf0fc167832ac5a7a94486a5923\">\n.flex_column.av-10pssd-c8212bf0fc167832ac5a7a94486a5923{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-10pssd-c8212bf0fc167832ac5a7a94486a5923 av_one_third  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_slideshow_full  el_before_av_one_third  avia-builder-el-first  first flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  '     ><p><article  class='iconbox iconbox_top av-dm479-de7111cbfab40a5be52e0ad9fe896de8  avia-builder-el-2  el_before_av_icon_box  avia-builder-el-first  main_color'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class=\"iconbox_content\"><header class=\"entry-content-header\" aria-label=\"Icon: Read the paper on PLOS ONE (open access)\"><a href='https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0201879' title='Read the paper on PLOS ONE (open access)' aria-label='Read the paper on PLOS ONE (open access)'  target=\"_blank\"  rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class='iconbox_icon heading-color avia-iconfont avia-font-entypo-fontello' data-av_icon='\ue84d' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello' title=\"Read the paper on PLOS ONE (open access)\" desc=\"Read the paper on PLOS ONE (open access)\" ><\/a><h3 class='iconbox_content_title '  itemprop=\"headline\" ><a href='https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0201879' title='Read the paper on PLOS ONE (open access)'  target=\"_blank\"  rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read the paper on PLOS ONE (open access)<\/a><\/h3><\/header><div class='iconbox_content_container '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Consulter l&#8217;article sur le site du journal PLOS ONE.<\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><footer class=\"entry-footer\"><\/footer><\/article><br \/>\n<article  class='iconbox iconbox_top av-dm479-af6f6ed1ffc3d0f23a9e344b764cd0f5  avia-builder-el-3  el_after_av_icon_box  el_before_av_icon_box  main_color'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class=\"iconbox_content\"><header class=\"entry-content-header\" aria-label=\"Icon: Traduction fran\u00e7aise\"><a href='https:\/\/hal.archives-ouvertes.fr\/hal-01575456v1' title='Traduction fran\u00e7aise' aria-label='Traduction fran\u00e7aise'  target=\"_blank\"  rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class='iconbox_icon heading-color avia-iconfont avia-font-entypo-fontello' data-av_icon='\ue896' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello' title=\"Traduction fran\u00e7aise\" desc=\"Traduction fran\u00e7aise\" ><\/a><h3 class='iconbox_content_title '  itemprop=\"headline\" ><a href='https:\/\/hal.archives-ouvertes.fr\/hal-01575456v1' title='Traduction fran\u00e7aise'  target=\"_blank\"  rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Traduction fran\u00e7aise<\/a><\/h3><\/header><div class='iconbox_content_container '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Traduction fran\u00e7aise de l&#8217;article du l&#8217;archive scientifique HAL a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9pos\u00e9e le jour de la publication. Elle sera prochainement disponible, le temps de validation par l&#8217;\u00e9quipe de HAL. En attendant, voici le PDF.<!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><footer class=\"entry-footer\"><\/footer><\/article><br \/>\n<article  class='iconbox iconbox_top av-dm479-2f8677daf6bb888ebc668b22bb0f2159  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_icon_box  el_before_av_icon_box  main_color'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class=\"iconbox_content\"><header class=\"entry-content-header\" aria-label=\"Icon: Online Plateform\"><a href='https:\/\/presidentielle2017.politoscope.org\/dashboard' title='Online Plateform' aria-label='Online Plateform'  target=\"_blank\"  rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class='iconbox_icon heading-color avia-iconfont avia-font-entypo-fontello' data-av_icon='\ue826' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello' title=\"Online Plateform\" desc=\"Online Plateform\" ><\/a><h3 class='iconbox_content_title '  itemprop=\"headline\" ><a href='https:\/\/presidentielle2017.politoscope.org\/dashboard' title='Online Plateform'  target=\"_blank\"  rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Online Plateform<\/a><\/h3><\/header><div class='iconbox_content_container '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Online interactive visualization of political debates during French presidential election implementing the method proposed in this article.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><footer class=\"entry-footer\"><\/footer><\/article><br \/>\n<article  class='iconbox iconbox_top av-dm479-87282784d350e1d2e58f97e2f4708a79  avia-builder-el-5  el_after_av_icon_box  el_before_av_icon_box  main_color'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class=\"iconbox_content\"><header class=\"entry-content-header\" aria-label=\"Icon: Tweets IDs used for this study\"><a href='https:\/\/dataverse.harvard.edu\/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910\/DVN\/6739SP' title='Tweets IDs used for this study' aria-label='Tweets IDs used for this study'  target=\"_blank\"  rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class='iconbox_icon heading-color avia-iconfont avia-font-entypo-fontello' data-av_icon='\ue8d3' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello' title=\"Tweets IDs used for this study\" desc=\"Tweets IDs used for this study\" ><\/a><h3 class='iconbox_content_title '  itemprop=\"headline\" ><a href='https:\/\/dataverse.harvard.edu\/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910\/DVN\/6739SP' title='Tweets IDs used for this study'  target=\"_blank\"  rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Tweets IDs used for this study<\/a><\/h3><\/header><div class='iconbox_content_container '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Tweets Ids collected by the Politoscope Project (http:\/\/politoscope.org) through the ISC-PIF <a href=\"https:\/\/multivac.iscpif.fr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Multivac Platform<\/a> (Maziyar Panahi, http:\/\/multivac.iscpif.fr) from Aug 1st, 2016 until May 8, 2017 (French Presidential Elections) (2018-03-08)<\/p>\n<p><strong>Cite this dataset :<\/strong> Chavalarias, David; Panahi, Maziyar; Gaumont, No\u00e9, 2018, \u201cPolitoscope data : tweets Ids for the 2017 French Presidential Elections\u201d, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7910\/DVN\/6739SP, Harvard Dataverse, V1<\/p>\n<p><!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><footer class=\"entry-footer\"><\/footer><\/article><br \/>\n<article  class='iconbox iconbox_top av-dm479-a7df4cc0e5f5ee5a141edac0e37a3d07  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_icon_box  avia-builder-el-last  main_color'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class=\"iconbox_content\"><header class=\"entry-content-header\" aria-label=\"Icon: Graphs and other data derived from the paper\"><a href='https:\/\/dataverse.harvard.edu\/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910\/DVN\/AOGUIA' title='Graphs and other data derived from the paper' aria-label='Graphs and other data derived from the paper'  target=\"_blank\"  rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class='iconbox_icon heading-color avia-iconfont avia-font-entypo-fontello' data-av_icon='\ue8d3' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello' title=\"Graphs and other data derived from the paper\" desc=\"Graphs and other data derived from the paper\" ><\/a><h3 class='iconbox_content_title '  itemprop=\"headline\" ><a href='https:\/\/dataverse.harvard.edu\/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910\/DVN\/AOGUIA' title='Graphs and other data derived from the paper'  target=\"_blank\"  rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Graphs and other data derived from the paper<\/a><\/h3><\/header><div class='iconbox_content_container '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>These data set contains intermediary results processed on the tweets dataset (for example text-mining results), additional data from the candidates&#8217; programs and anonymized graphs of the political landscape.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Cite this dataset :<\/strong> <span id=\"citation-select\">Gaumont, No\u00e9; Panahi, Maziyar; Chavalarias, David, 2018, &#8220;Data for : Reconstruction of the socio-semantic dynamics of political activist Twitter networks &#8211; Method and application to the 2017 French presidential election&#8221;, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7910\/DVN\/AOGUIA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7910\/DVN\/AOGUIA<\/a>, Harvard Dataverse<\/span><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><footer class=\"entry-footer\"><\/footer><\/article><\/p><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-1emvd9-4d2e44763a9f33081c0904906f6734e6\">\n.flex_column.av-1emvd9-4d2e44763a9f33081c0904906f6734e6{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-1emvd9-4d2e44763a9f33081c0904906f6734e6 av_one_third  avia-builder-el-7  el_after_av_one_third  el_before_av_one_third  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  '     ><p><div  class='tabcontainer av-jm9dlp7d-45a5e7a9322a39eabb10e669a9fdb271 top_tab  avia-builder-el-8  el_before_av_video  avia-builder-el-first '>\n<section class='av_tab_section av_tab_section av-1b7r9-e7be5890ea82d42f7f1d67befb421290'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div id='tab-id-1-tab' class='tab active_tab' role='tab' aria-selected=\"true\" tabindex=\"0\" data-fake-id='#tab-id-1' aria-controls='tab-id-1-content'  itemprop=\"headline\" >English<\/div><div id='tab-id-1-content' class='tab_content active_tab_content' role='tabpanel' aria-labelledby='tab-id-1-tab' aria-hidden=\"false\"><div class='tab_inner_content invers-color'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><strong>Citation :<\/strong> Gaumont, N., Panahi, M., Chavalarias, D., 2018. Reconstruction of the socio-semantic dynamics of political activist Twitter networks\u2014Method and application to the 2017 French presidential election. PLOS ONE 13, e0201879. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0201879\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0201879<\/a><button class=\"clickandreadBtn\" title=\"La ressource a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e dans  Unpaywall\" name=\"CLICKANDREADLink\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,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\" width=\"27\" \/><\/button><\/p>\n<h3>Abstract<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Background<\/strong> Digital spaces, and in particular social networking sites, are becoming increasingly present and influential in the functioning of our democracies. In this paper, we propose an integrated methodology for the data collection, the reconstruction, the analysis and the visualization of the development of a country&#8217;s political landscape from Twitter data.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Method<\/strong> The proposed method relies solely on the interactions between Twitter accounts and is independent of the characteristics of the shared contents such as the language of the tweets. We validate our methodology on a case study on the 2017 French presidential election (60 million Twitter exchanges between more than 2.4 million users) via two independent methods: the comparison between our automated political categorization and a human categorization based on the evaluation of a sample of 5000 profiles descriptions ; the correspondence between the reconfigurations detected in the reconstructed political landscape and key political events reported in the media. This latter validation demonstrated the ability of our approach to accurately reflect the reconfigurations at play in the off-line political scene.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Results<\/strong> We built on this reconstruction to give insights into the opinion dynamics and the reconfigurations of political communities at play during a presidential election. First, we propose a quantitative description and analysis of the political engagement of members of political communities. Second, we analyze the impact of political communities on information diffusion and in particular on their role in the fake news phenomena. We measure a differential \\textit{echo chamber} effect on the different types of political news (fake news, debunks, standard news) caused by the community structure and emphasize the importance of addressing the meso-structures of political networks in understanding the fake news phenomena.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Conclusions<\/strong> Giving access to an intermediate level, between sociological surveys in the field and large statistical studies (such as those conducted by national or international organizations) we demonstrate that social networks data make it possible to qualify and quantify the activity of political communities in a multi-polar political environment ; as well as their temporal evolution and reconfiguration, their structure, their alliance strategies and their semantic particularities during a presidential campaign through the analysis of their digital traces. We conclude this paper with a comment on the political and ethical implications of the use of social networks data in politics. We stress the importance of developing social macroscopes that will enable citizens to better understand how they collectively make society and propose as example the <a href=\"https:\/\/presidentielle2017.politoscope.org\/dashboard\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Politoscope<\/em><\/a>, a macroscope that delivers some of our results in an interactive way. <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<style>\/*<br \/>\nCopyright (c) 2016 Interaktiva rum Sverige (Interactive rooms Sweden)<\/p>\n<p>Website: http:\/\/www.interaktivarum.se\/en<\/p>\n<p>Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and\/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:<\/p>\n<p>The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.<\/p>\n<p>THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.<br \/>\n*\/<\/p>\n<p>\/*<br \/>\n\tThe color filters are defined in external SVG file rgblind.svg, located in same folder as this CSS file.<br \/>\n\tUse this CSS file when injecting both the CSS style rules and the SVG filters into the HTML document.<br \/>\n*\/<\/p>\n<p>.protanopia{<br \/>\n\tfilter: url('#protanopia');<br \/>\n\t-webkit-filter: url('#protanopia');<br \/>\n\tcolor-interpolation-filters:sRGB;<br \/>\n}<\/p>\n<p>.deuteranopia{<br \/>\n\tfilter: url('#deuteranopia');<br \/>\n\t-webkit-filter: url('#deuteranopia');<br \/>\n\tcolor-interpolation-filters:sRGB;<br \/>\n}<\/style>\n<\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_tab_section av_tab_section av-8fcfp-cc4ab1f9cdb0c8ef473fdd52e24e8c9e'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div id='tab-id-2-tab' class='tab' role='tab' aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\" data-fake-id='#tab-id-2' aria-controls='tab-id-2-content'  itemprop=\"headline\" >Fran\u00e7ais<\/div><div id='tab-id-2-content' class='tab_content' role='tabpanel' aria-labelledby='tab-id-2-tab' aria-hidden=\"true\"><div class='tab_inner_content invers-color'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><strong>Citation :<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\">\n<div class=\"csl-entry\">Gaumont, N., Panahi, M., Chavalarias, D., 2018. Reconstruction of the socio-semantic dynamics of political activist Twitter networks\u2014Method and application to the 2017 French presidential election. PLOS ONE 13, e0201879. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0201879\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0201879<\/a><button class=\"clickandreadBtn\" title=\"La ressource a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e dans  Unpaywall\" name=\"CLICKANDREADLink\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBpZD0iQ2FscXVlXzEiIGRhdGEtbmFtZT0iQ2FscXVlIDEiIHhtbG5zPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8yMDAwL3N2ZyIgdmlld0JveD0iMCAwIDUwIDI4LjE4Ij48cmVjdCB3aWR0aD0iNTAiIGhlaWdodD0iMjguMTgiIHJ4PSIxNC4wOSIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6IzIxY2UyMSIvPjxwYXRoIGQ9Ik0xOC45MywxNi40NWEuMzIuMzIsMCwwLDAtLjU0LjIydjJoLTRhNS4wOCw1LjA4LDAsMCwxLDAtMTAuMTZoNS4yMlY1LjQ0SDE0LjQ0YTguMTQsOC4xNCwwLDAsMCwwLDE2LjI4aDR2MmEuMzIuMzIsMCwwLDAsLjU0LjIzbDMuNTEtMy41MWEuMzQuMzQsMCwwLDAsMC0uNDZaIiBzdHlsZT0iZmlsbDojZmZmIi8+PHBhdGggZD0iTTQyLjUyLDIxLjA3bC00Ljg0LTUuNjlhMCwwLDAsMCwxLDAsMCw1LjMsNS4zLDAsMCwwLDIuNTktNC45LDUuNDMsNS40MywwLDAsMC01LjQ4LTVIMjguNDhhMCwwLDAsMCwwLDAsMFYyMS42OWEwLDAsMCwwLDAsMCwwaDMuMDVsMCwwVjguNTVzMCwwLDAsMEgzNWEyLjI0LDIuMjQsMCwwLDEsMi4yMiwyLjUzLDIuMywyLjMsMCwwLDEtMi4zMiwySDMyLjRhLjM2LjM2LDAsMCwwLS4yOC41OWw2LjYyLDcuNzlhLjkzLjkzLDAsMCwwLC42OC4zMWgyLjgxQS4zOS4zOSwwLDAsMCw0Mi41MiwyMS4wN1oiIHN0eWxlPSJmaWxsOiNmZmYiLz48Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyNC4yIiBjeT0iOC4yIiByPSIyLjc2IiBzdHlsZT0iZmlsbDojZmZmIi8+PC9zdmc+\" width=\"27\" \/><\/button><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>R\u00e9sum\u00e9<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Contexte<\/strong> Les espaces num\u00e9riques, et en particulier les sites de r\u00e9seaux sociaux, sont de plus en plus pr\u00e9sents et influents dans le fonctionnement de nos d\u00e9mocraties. Dans cet article, nous proposons une m\u00e9thodologie int\u00e9gr\u00e9e pour la collecte de donn\u00e9es, la reconstruction, l&#8217;analyse et la visualisation du d\u00e9veloppement du paysage politique d&#8217;un pays \u00e0 partir des donn\u00e9es de Twitter.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Methode<\/strong> La m\u00e9thode propos\u00e9e repose uniquement sur les interactions entre les comptes Twitter et est ind\u00e9pendante des caract\u00e9ristiques des contenus partag\u00e9s tels que la langue des tweets. Nous validons notre m\u00e9thodologie sur une \u00e9tude de cas portant sur l&#8217;\u00e9lection pr\u00e9sidentielle fran\u00e7aise de 2017 (60 millions d&#8217;\u00e9changes Twitter entre plus de 2,4 millions d&#8217;utilisateurs) via deux m\u00e9thodes ind\u00e9pendantes : la comparaison entre notre cat\u00e9gorisation politique automatis\u00e9e et une cat\u00e9gorisation humaine bas\u00e9e sur l&#8217;\u00e9valuation d&#8217;un \u00e9chantillon de 5000 descriptions de profils ; et la correspondance entre les reconfigurations d\u00e9tect\u00e9es dans le paysage politique reconstruit et les \u00e9v\u00e9nements politiques cl\u00e9s rapport\u00e9s dans les m\u00e9dias. Cette derni\u00e8re validation d\u00e9montre la capacit\u00e9 de notre approche \u00e0 refl\u00e9ter avec pr\u00e9cision les reconfigurations de la sc\u00e8ne politique d&#8217;un pays \u00e0 partir des donn\u00e9es des r\u00e9seaux sociaux.<\/p>\n<p><strong>R\u00e9sultats<\/strong> Nous nous sommes appuy\u00e9s sur cette reconstruction pour donner un aper\u00e7u des dynamiques d&#8217;opinion et de la reconfiguration des communaut\u00e9s politiques qui sont en jeu lors d&#8217;une \u00e9lection pr\u00e9sidentielle. Tout d&#8217;abord, nous proposons une description et une analyse quantitative de l&#8217;engagement politique des membres des communaut\u00e9s politiques. Ensuite, nous analysons l&#8217;impact des communaut\u00e9s politiques sur la diffusion de l&#8217;information et en particulier sur leur r\u00f4le dans le ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne des fausses nouvelles. Nous mesurons un effet diff\u00e9rentiel de chambre d&#8217;\u00e9cho (<em>echo chamber<\/em>) sur les diff\u00e9rents types de nouvelles politiques (fausses nouvelles, d\u00e9mentis, nouvelles standards) caus\u00e9es par la structure communautaire. Nous soulignons l&#8217;importance de prendre en compte les m\u00e9so-structures des r\u00e9seaux politiques pour comprendre les ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes de type &#8220;fausses nouvelles&#8221; (fake news).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Conclusions<\/strong> En donnant acc\u00e8s \u00e0 un niveau interm\u00e9diaire, entre les enqu\u00eates sociologiques de terrain et les grandes \u00e9tudes statistiques (telles que celles men\u00e9es par des organisations nationales ou internationales), nous d\u00e9montrons que les donn\u00e9es des r\u00e9seaux sociaux permettent de qualifier et de quantifier l&#8217;activit\u00e9 des communaut\u00e9s politiques dans un environnement politique multipolaire, ainsi que leur \u00e9volution et reconfiguration temporelle, leur structure, leurs strat\u00e9gies d&#8217;alliance et leurs particularit\u00e9s s\u00e9mantiques au cours d&#8217;une campagne pr\u00e9sidentielle \u00e0 travers l&#8217;analyse de leurs traces num\u00e9riques. Nous concluons ce document par un commentaire sur les implications politiques et \u00e9thiques de l&#8217;utilisation des donn\u00e9es des r\u00e9seaux sociaux en politique. Nous insistons sur l&#8217;importance de d\u00e9velopper des macroscopes sociaux qui permettront aux citoyens de mieux comprendre la mani\u00e8re dont collectivement ils font soci\u00e9t\u00e9. Nous proposons comme exemple le \\textit{Politoscope}, un macroscope qui restitue certains de nos r\u00e9sultats d&#8217;une mani\u00e8re interactive.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Mots-cl\u00e9s :<\/strong> opinion dynamics, political activism, elections, socio-semantic networks, networks dynamics, Twitter.<\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<style>\/*<br \/>Copyright (c) 2016 Interaktiva rum Sverige (Interactive rooms Sweden)<\/p>\n<p>Website: http:\/\/www.interaktivarum.se\/en<\/p>\n<p>Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and\/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:<\/p>\n<p>The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.<\/p>\n<p>THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.<br \/>*\/<\/p>\n<p>\/*<br \/>\tThe color filters are defined in external SVG file rgblind.svg, located in same folder as this CSS file.<br \/>\tUse this CSS file when injecting both the CSS style rules and the SVG filters into the HTML document.<br \/>*\/<\/p>\n<p>.protanopia{<br \/>\tfilter: url('#protanopia');<br \/>\t-webkit-filter: url('#protanopia');<br \/>\tcolor-interpolation-filters:sRGB;<br \/>}<\/p>\n<p>.deuteranopia{<br \/>\tfilter: url('#deuteranopia');<br \/>\t-webkit-filter: url('#deuteranopia');<br \/>\tcolor-interpolation-filters:sRGB;<br \/>}<\/style>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<\/div><br \/>\n<div  class='avia-video av-jmdqk9zm-e97b7a6873d85bcb615299e408ecb425 avia-video-16-9 av-no-preview-image avia-video-load-always av-lazyload-immediate av-lazyload-video-embed'  itemprop=\"video\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/VideoObject\"  data-original_url='https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=skSEvq6sAj0'><script type='text\/html' class='av-video-tmpl'><div class='avia-iframe-wrap'><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1500\" height=\"844\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/skSEvq6sAj0?feature=oembed&autoplay=0&loop=0&controls=1&mute=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"autoplay; encrypted-media\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div><\/script><div class='av-click-to-play-overlay'><div class=\"avia_playpause_icon\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/p><\/div><\/p>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-10pssd-c0cbc1be716fe2b1753bf3e2bc39d0e4\">\n.flex_column.av-10pssd-c0cbc1be716fe2b1753bf3e2bc39d0e4{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-10pssd-c0cbc1be716fe2b1753bf3e2bc39d0e4 av_one_third  avia-builder-el-10  el_after_av_one_third  el_before_av_hr  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  '     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-bbt8l-deff67a8017b8bd0dc9e1ca758d63afd\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-bbt8l-deff67a8017b8bd0dc9e1ca758d63afd{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-bbt8l-deff67a8017b8bd0dc9e1ca758d63afd .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-bbt8l-deff67a8017b8bd0dc9e1ca758d63afd .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-bbt8l-deff67a8017b8bd0dc9e1ca758d63afd av-special-heading-h4  avia-builder-el-11  el_before_av_toggle_container  avia-builder-el-first '><h4 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >Questions fr\u00e9quentes, incompr\u00e9hensions et pr\u00e9sentations biais\u00e9es de nos r\u00e9sultats sur le web et dans la presse<\/h4><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<div  class='togglecontainer av-jn9l5fna-3975b775bc286deda00e9bb79a243347  avia-builder-el-12  el_after_av_heading  el_before_av_image  toggle_close_all' >\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-1jhgv1-318803071a4f77d97a28e1e1c28868e1'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-1' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-1' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-1' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"&lt;b&gt;Parle-t-on de &quot;fake news&quot; ou de fausses informations m\u00eame si ceux qui diffusent les messages sont des comptes individuels et non des comptes m\u00e9dia ?&lt;\/b&gt;\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: &lt;b&gt;Parle-t-on de &quot;fake news&quot; ou de fausses informations m\u00eame si ceux qui diffusent les messages sont des comptes individuels et non des comptes m\u00e9dia ?&lt;\/b&gt;\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: &lt;b&gt;Parle-t-on de &quot;fake news&quot; ou de fausses informations m\u00eame si ceux qui diffusent les messages sont des comptes individuels et non des comptes m\u00e9dia ?&lt;\/b&gt;\"><b>Parle-t-on de \"fake news\" ou de fausses informations m\u00eame si ceux qui diffusent les messages sont des comptes individuels et non des comptes m\u00e9dia ?<\/b><span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-1' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-1' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Oui, pour les r\u00e9seaux sociaux, c&#8217;est un terme g\u00e9n\u00e9rique qui recouvre toute information qui semble se r\u00e9f\u00e9rer \u00e0 un fait av\u00e9r\u00e9 mais qui est fausse. Il est souvent difficile de dire d&#8217;o\u00f9 est partie cette information m\u00eame si certains media se sont fait une sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9 d&#8217;en diffuser.<\/p>\n<p>Par souci de rigueur m\u00e9thodologique, nous nous sommes restreint \u00e0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/les-decodeurs\/article\/2017\/01\/23\/decodex-qu-est-ce-qu-une-information_5067721_4355770.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">une d\u00e9finition pr\u00e9cise de ce qu&#8217;est une information<\/a> et une liste de fausses informations qui avaient fait l&#8217;objet de rectificatifs rigoureux et publics ind\u00e9pendamment de notre \u00e9tude. C&#8217;est la raison pour laquelle nous avons retenu<a href=\"https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/le-blog-du-decodex\/article\/2017\/12\/19\/fausses-informations-les-donnees-du-decodex-en-2017_5231605_5095029.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> la base de donn\u00e9es de fausses nouvelles<\/a> \u00e9tablie par les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/les-decodeurs\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>D\u00e9codeurs<\/em><\/a> du journal Le Monde.<\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-1furm5-6036d9235ed6bcb32f219201b4d04cd7'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-2' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-2' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-2' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"&lt;b&gt;La liste des fausses informations des D\u00e9codeurs est-elle fiable et objective ?&lt;\/b&gt;\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: &lt;b&gt;La liste des fausses informations des D\u00e9codeurs est-elle fiable et objective ?&lt;\/b&gt;\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: &lt;b&gt;La liste des fausses informations des D\u00e9codeurs est-elle fiable et objective ?&lt;\/b&gt;\"><b>La liste des fausses informations des D\u00e9codeurs est-elle fiable et objective ?<\/b><span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-2' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-2' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Pour la partie de l\u2019article portant sur les fausses informations, nous aurions aim\u00e9 inclure dans l\u2019\u00e9tude des listes de fausses informations produites par d\u2019autres tendances politiques que celle repr\u00e9sent\u00e9e par le journal Le Monde. Nous n\u2019en avons pas trouv\u00e9 qui soient aussi bien structur\u00e9es pour la r\u00e9utilisation.<\/p>\n<p>Nous avons donc choisi d\u2019utiliser la partie du travail des d\u00e9codeurs qui nous semblait la plus objective et la plus fiable\u00a0: une liste de pages web dont ils avaient objectivement d\u00e9montr\u00e9, preuves \u00e0 l\u2019appui, qu\u2019elles propageaient de fausses informations. C\u2019est le cas par exemple de l\u2019information publi\u00e9e le 11 avril 2017 suivant laquelle <a href=\"http:\/\/www.lescrutateur.com\/2017\/04\/fillon-blanchi-mais-les-media-n-en-parlent-pas.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fillon aurait \u00e9t\u00e9 blanchi par la justice mais les m\u00e9dia n\u2019en parleraient pas<\/a>. Cette informations a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9fut\u00e9e <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/les-decodeurs\/article\/2017\/04\/13\/la-curieuse-theorie-qui-veut-faire-croire-que-francois-fillon-a-ete-blanchi_5110844_4355770.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">par les D\u00e9codeurs<\/a> et d\u2019autres sites comme <a href=\"https:\/\/crosscheck.firstdraftnews.org\/checked-french\/fillon-blanchi-justice\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CrossCheck<\/a> et d\u2019ailleurs, Fillon a \u00e9t\u00e9 mis en examen peu de temps apr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n<p>M\u00eame si Le Monde est un journal d\u00e9crit comme d&#8217;orientation politique &#8220;centre gauche&#8221;, la qualification de fausse information des donn\u00e9es produites par les D\u00e9codeurs n\u2019est pas contestable dans la mesure o\u00f9 elles ont fait l&#8217;objet de justifications rigoureuses. L\u2019observation que les communaut\u00e9s Fillon et Le Pen ont relay\u00e9 des fausses informations est donc un fait.<\/p>\n<p>En revanche, il n&#8217;y a aucune pr\u00e9tention \u00e0 l&#8217;exhaustivit\u00e9 dans la partie de l&#8217;article sur les fausses informations, rien n\u2019exclut que bien d\u2019autres fausses informations aient pu circuler, y compris dans d\u2019autres communaut\u00e9s, on ne peut simplement pas l\u2019affirmer \u00e0 partir de notre \u00e9tude.<\/p>\n<p>Ce que notre recherche permet de dire en revanche, m\u00eame sur l&#8217;\u00e9chantillon consid\u00e9r\u00e9, est que les fausses informations polarisent l\u2019espace politique num\u00e9rique beaucoup plus que toute autre type de nouvelles, ce qui en soit n\u2019est pas bon pour le d\u00e9bats d\u2019id\u00e9es lors que l\u2019on a \u00e0 choisir collectivement la personne la plus \u00e0 m\u00eame de diriger le pays.<\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-19vfat-c9f25759fa98a056eb51cd2ade82f44f'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-3' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-3' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-3' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"&lt;b&gt;Y a-t-il eu moins de 0.01% de &quot;fake news&quot; dans les Tweets politiques ? &lt;\/b&gt;\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: &lt;b&gt;Y a-t-il eu moins de 0.01% de &quot;fake news&quot; dans les Tweets politiques ? &lt;\/b&gt;\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: &lt;b&gt;Y a-t-il eu moins de 0.01% de &quot;fake news&quot; dans les Tweets politiques ? &lt;\/b&gt;\"><b>Y a-t-il eu moins de 0.01% de \"fake news\" dans les Tweets politiques ? <\/b><span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-3' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-3' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Non, on ne peut pas affirmer qu&#8217;il y a eu moins de 0.01% de &#8220;fake news&#8221; dans les Tweets politiques (comme ont pu le dire par exemple Russia Today ou fdeSouche).<\/p>\n<p>Nous avons observ\u00e9 que sur Twitter,<strong><em> si on se restreint aux informations identifi\u00e9es comme fausses par les D\u00e9codeurs du Monde <\/em><\/strong><em>(ce qui est loin d&#8217;\u00eatre exhaustif)<\/em>, il y a moins de 0.0081% de Tweets qui contiennent une r\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e0 ces informations. C&#8217;est moins de 1 sur 10.000.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Cela veut-il dire qu&#8217;il y a tr\u00e8s peu de &#8220;fake news&#8221; sur Twitter ? : on ne peut pas l&#8217;affirmer<\/li>\n<li>Cela veut-il dire que les &#8220;fake news&#8221; ou la d\u00e9sinformation sur Twitter n&#8217;ont pas eu d&#8217;impact ? : on ne peut pas l&#8217;affirmer<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Pourquoi ?<\/strong><br \/>\nIl est vrai que moins de 0.01% de fake news rep\u00e9r\u00e9es sur une base comme celle du <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/verification\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Decodex<\/em><\/a> est un chiffre faible \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 le volume de Tweets collect\u00e9s. Il est cependant \u00e0 relativiser de plusieurs mani\u00e8res :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>ce n&#8217;est que Twitter et la situation peut \u00eatre tr\u00e8s diff\u00e9rente sur d&#8217;autres m\u00e9dia<\/li>\n<li>on ne parle que des <em>fausses informations<\/em> r\u00e9f\u00e9renc\u00e9es comme telles par les <em>D\u00e9codeurs<\/em> du Monde et il y a \u00e0 cela deux limites : ce n&#8217;est pas exhaustif car la capacit\u00e9 du Monde est limit\u00e9e (on a essay\u00e9 de trouver d&#8217;autres media ayant fait cet exercice, nous n&#8217;en avons pas trouv\u00e9, \u00e0 part Lib\u00e9ration, sous une forme bien moins structur\u00e9e). On parle de <em>fausses informations<\/em> et non de tweets visant \u00e0 manipuler l&#8217;opinion, qui constituent un ensemble beaucoup plus large. Par exemple les tweets pointant vers les MacronLeaks en invitant \u00e0 consulter cette archive (implicitement, MacronLeak sugg\u00e8re qu&#8217;il y a quelques scandale cach\u00e9) ou ceux ayant un contenu \u00e9motionnel n\u00e9gatif fort \u00e0 propos d&#8217;un homme politique\u00a0 ne sont pas consid\u00e9r\u00e9s comme des fausses informations alors que, <a href=\"https:\/\/politoscope.org\/2017\/05\/astroturfing\/\">comme nous l&#8217;avons montr\u00e9 pendant la pr\u00e9sidentielle<\/a>, il y en a eu des centaines de milliers avec un impact probable sur l&#8217;opinion.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-13snj1-425e20ef159385311c026d531a5d51e4'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-4' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-4' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-4' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"&lt;b&gt;Fillon et Le Pen ont sont-ils les auteurs de la majorit\u00e9 des fake news ?&lt;\/b&gt;\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: &lt;b&gt;Fillon et Le Pen ont sont-ils les auteurs de la majorit\u00e9 des fake news ?&lt;\/b&gt;\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: &lt;b&gt;Fillon et Le Pen ont sont-ils les auteurs de la majorit\u00e9 des fake news ?&lt;\/b&gt;\"><b>Fillon et Le Pen ont sont-ils les auteurs de la majorit\u00e9 des fake news ?<\/b><span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-4' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-4' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Les communaut\u00e9s politiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 relativement imperm\u00e9ables aux fakes news du type identifi\u00e9 par le Decodex, sauf deux, les communaut\u00e9s qui les ont largement relay\u00e9e : celle autour de Fillon pour plus de la moiti\u00e9 de toutes les &#8220;fake news&#8221; identifi\u00e9es et celle autour de Le Pen, pour plus de 22%.<\/p>\n<p>Pour interpr\u00e9ter ce r\u00e9sultat, il faut bien comprendre ce que recouvre le terme <em>communaut\u00e9s<\/em> : ce sont des comptes Twitter qui s&#8217;\u00e9changent des contenus politiques de mani\u00e8res pr\u00e9f\u00e9rentielle, ils sont dans le m\u00eame &#8220;bain informationnel&#8221;, lisent et produisent des contenus qui vont en moyenne dans le m\u00eame sens politiquement parlant.<\/p>\n<p>Le constat que les fausses informations issues de la liste du <em>Decodex<\/em> se concentrent sur les communaut\u00e9s Fillon et Le Pen a au moins trois explications possibles qui toutes soul\u00e8vent un probl\u00e8me pour la s\u00e9r\u00e9nit\u00e9 des d\u00e9bats en ligne :<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>la diffusion de fausse information \u00e9tait\u00a0 une marque d&#8217;appartenance \u00e0 un groupe,<\/li>\n<li>c&#8217;\u00e9tait une strat\u00e9gie \u00e9lectorale assum\u00e9e,<\/li>\n<li>c&#8217;\u00e9tait la manifestation d&#8217;une tentative d&#8217;influence de l&#8217;opinion de ces communaut\u00e9s par des personnes qui y \u00e9taient ext\u00e9rieures (c&#8217;est \u00e0 dire des comptes qui n&#8217;ont rien \u00e0 voir avec ces communaut\u00e9s mais qui, en ligne, essaient d&#8217;\u00e9changer des messages avec elles pour les influencer).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>L&#8217;article ne d\u00e9partage pas entre ces trois explications possibles<\/strong><strong> car nous estimons que c&#8217;est une question qui doit \u00eatre r\u00e9solue par des journalistes et non des chercheurs.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Il faut \u00e9galement souligner qu&#8217;aucun des principaux candidats \u00e0 la pr\u00e9sidentielle ou noms mentionn\u00e9s sur nos cartes n&#8217;a relay\u00e9 dans un tweet des fausses nouvelles list\u00e9es par les <em>D\u00e9codeurs,<\/em> m\u00eame si certains en ont notoirement diffus\u00e9 par ailleurs (pour ne mentionner que les leaders des deux communaut\u00e9s ayant relay\u00e9 le plus de fausses nouvelles dans notre \u00e9chantillon : Fillon soutenant que <a href=\"http:\/\/www.leparisien.fr\/elections\/presidentielle\/quand-fillon-accuse-a-tort-les-medias-d-avoir-annonce-le-suicide-de-sa-femme-penelope-06-03-2017-6736377.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">les m\u00e9dia auraient annonc\u00e9 la mort de sa femme<\/a> ou Marine Le Pen affirmant que <a href=\"https:\/\/www.francetvinfo.fr\/replay-radio\/le-vrai-du-faux\/le-vrai-du-faux-les-logements-sociaux-sont-prioritairement-occupes-par-l-immigration_2068449.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">les logements sociaux sont prioritairement occup\u00e9s par l&#8217;immigration<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p>On peut dire que les communaut\u00e9s en ligne FIllon et Le Pen ont \u00e9t\u00e9 les principales pourvoyeuses de fake news sur l&#8217;\u00e9chantillon \u00e9tudi\u00e9, mais on ne peut pas affirmer que les partis associ\u00e9s en \u00e9taient \u00e0 l&#8217;origine ou que d&#8217;autres partis n&#8217;en ont pas diffus\u00e9, ce serait extrapoler au-del\u00e0 des r\u00e9sultats de l&#8217;\u00e9tude, bien que cela reste une possibilit\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-wxxl1-557e5273f6771d5fe3ac467a84309c59'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-5' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-5' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-5' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"&lt;b&gt;Ces 5.000 fausses nouvelles ont-elles eu un impact?&lt;\/b&gt;\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: &lt;b&gt;Ces 5.000 fausses nouvelles ont-elles eu un impact?&lt;\/b&gt;\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: &lt;b&gt;Ces 5.000 fausses nouvelles ont-elles eu un impact?&lt;\/b&gt;\"><b>Ces 5.000 fausses nouvelles ont-elles eu un impact?<\/b><span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-5' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-5' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>C&#8217;est tr\u00e8s difficile \u00e0 dire, mais vu le faible nombre et la faible p\u00e9n\u00e9tration au sein des communaut\u00e9s et de la &#8220;mer&#8221;, on peut penser que l&#8217;impact fut faible sur le r\u00e9sultat de l&#8217;\u00e9lection pour cet \u00e9chantillon de fausses nouvelles. Par contre, notre \u00e9tude d\u00e9montre que les fausses nouvelles politiques polarisent plus de d\u00e9bat que les autres types de nouvelles et en ce sens, les fausses nouvelles ont certainement accentu\u00e9 les clivages et les divisions au sein de l&#8217;opinion publique (par exemple, elles ont probablement contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e9chec du front r\u00e9publicain) et si le ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne s&#8217;amplifie, cela pourrait avoir un impact sur les r\u00e9sultats d&#8217;\u00e9lections futures.<\/p>\n<p>On a par ailleurs pu observer des tentatives de manipulation de l&#8217;opinion via la diffusion massive (plusieurs dizaines de milliers) de tweets n\u00e9gatifs envers un candidats qui reprenaient les codes et hashtags d&#8217;une communaut\u00e9 particuli\u00e8re alors qu&#8217;ils n&#8217;\u00e9taient pas \u00e9mis par cette communaut\u00e9. On peut d\u00e9montrer (dans un article \u00e0 venir, dont <a href=\"https:\/\/politoscope.org\/2017\/05\/astroturfing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">premi\u00e8re analyse<\/a> a \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9e peu de jours avant le second tour) que cette tentative venait de l&#8217;\u00e9tranger. C&#8217;est pour nous la menace la plus importante concernant l&#8217;expression d\u00e9mocratique et non biais\u00e9e d&#8217;une opinion publique. Comme ce ne sont pas des &#8220;fake news&#8221; \u00e0 proprement parler, c&#8217;est beaucoup plus difficile de contrer ce ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne via la l\u00e9gislation. C&#8217;est le talon d\u2019Achille des d\u00e9mocraties \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e8re du num\u00e9rique.<\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-pvfjp-4a3083aadcd5ee2ce96414e7593ea7a8'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-6' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-6' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-6' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"&lt;b&gt;Le ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne des &quot;fakes news&quot; risque-t-il de nuire aux prochaines \u00e9lections ? Comment contre-attaquer?&lt;\/b&gt;\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: &lt;b&gt;Le ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne des &quot;fakes news&quot; risque-t-il de nuire aux prochaines \u00e9lections ? Comment contre-attaquer?&lt;\/b&gt;\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: &lt;b&gt;Le ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne des &quot;fakes news&quot; risque-t-il de nuire aux prochaines \u00e9lections ? Comment contre-attaquer?&lt;\/b&gt;\"><b>Le ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne des \"fakes news\" risque-t-il de nuire aux prochaines \u00e9lections ? Comment contre-attaquer?<\/b><span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-6' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-6' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Il faut voir au del\u00e0 des fake news, et c&#8217;est ce que permet notre article, o\u00f9 les fake news ne sont qu&#8217;un cas d&#8217;application. Nous d\u00e9montrons qu&#8217;il est possible de reconstituer le paysage politique d&#8217;un pays \u00e0 partir des tweets et temps r\u00e9el. Ceci \u00e9tant, il est alors possible de contextualiser en temps r\u00e9el l&#8217;information et de savoir quelles sont les communaut\u00e9s politiques qui essaient de mettre telle ou telle\u00a0 information \u00e0 l&#8217;ordre du jour.<\/p>\n<p>Quelque soit le type d&#8217;information, cet \u00e9l\u00e9ment de contextualisation est tr\u00e8s important. Par exemple, l&#8217;opinion publique accueillera diff\u00e9remment des tweets n\u00e9gatifs sur un candidats s&#8217;ils sont \u00e9mis par ses opposant politiques ou s&#8217;ils sont \u00e9mis par des trolls pay\u00e9s par un organisation \u00e9trang\u00e8re. De m\u00eame, un lecteur d&#8217;un journal lambda recevra un fait divers impliquant les migrants diff\u00e9remment s&#8217;il sait qu&#8217;il a \u00e9t\u00e9 racont\u00e9 et mis \u00e0 l&#8217;agenda par l&#8217;extr\u00eame droite ou qu&#8217;il a choqu\u00e9 la France enti\u00e8re de mani\u00e8re spontan\u00e9e. Ces exemples sont des cas d&#8217;astroturfing (cr\u00e9ation de l&#8217;illusion de l&#8217;adh\u00e9sion d&#8217;un grand nombre d&#8217;individus \u00e0 une cause).<\/p>\n<p>Un certain nombre de travaux de recherche laissent penser qu&#8217;une campagne d&#8217;astroturfing bien men\u00e9e pourrait effectivement changer le r\u00e9sultat d&#8217;une \u00e9lection nationale ou europ\u00e9enne (voir par ex. <a href=\"https:\/\/iscpif.fr\/chavalarias\/?p=134\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">notre publication<\/a>), m\u00eame s&#8217;il sera certainement tr\u00e8s difficile de le d\u00e9montrer. Nous avons document\u00e9 de telles tentatives pendant la pr\u00e9sidentielle <a href=\"https:\/\/politoscope.org\/2017\/05\/astroturfing\/\">ici<\/a> et <a href=\"https:\/\/politoscope.org\/2017\/05\/putsch\/\">l\u00e0<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Pour contre-carrer les tentatives de manipulations de masse sur les r\u00e9seaux sociaux, ce n&#8217;est donc pas tant les fake news qu&#8217;il faut viser, mais il faut arriver \u00e0 proposer au grand public des outils transparents d&#8217;analyse temps r\u00e9el de l&#8217;activit\u00e9 des diff\u00e9rents territoires num\u00e9riques sur une question donn\u00e9e, outils qu&#8217;on peut appeler &#8220;des macroscopes sociaux&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p>Il ne s&#8217;agit absolument pas de savoir qui individuellement diffuse tel ou tel info, mais de savoir quels sont les groupes sociaux qui s&#8217;en emparent afin que tout un chacun puisse se faire une id\u00e9e des intentions qui motivent la diffusion d&#8217;une information donn\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<p>Un effort suppl\u00e9mentaire est \u00e9galement n\u00e9cessaire du c\u00f4t\u00e9 de l&#8217;\u00e9ducation des jeunes sur les questions de vie priv\u00e9e et de manipulation d&#8217;opinion en ligne.<\/p>\n<p>Enfin, notre syst\u00e8me vote au scrutin majoritaire \u00e0 deux tours est r\u00e9put\u00e9 pour sa vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 envers les manipulations et son instabilit\u00e9 lorsque, en pr\u00e9sence de plusieurs candidats, l&#8217;opinion est fragment\u00e9e et polaris\u00e9e (probl\u00e8me du vote utile, paradoxe d&#8217;Arrow, etc.). Pourtant, des modes de scrutin plus robustes existent, comme par exemple le <a href=\"https:\/\/mieuxvoter.fr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">jugement majoritaire<\/a>. Changer le mode de scrutin serait ainsi le moyen le plus efficace et le plus rapide d&#8217;att\u00e9nuer le ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne des fake news et de la d\u00e9sinformation en ligne.<\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-lxhz9-be49a61e604b3544c567bb9748609579'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-7' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-7' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-7' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"&lt;b&gt;Qu\u2018est-ce qu\u2019un macroscope social ?&lt;\/b&gt;\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: &lt;b&gt;Qu\u2018est-ce qu\u2019un macroscope social ?&lt;\/b&gt;\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: &lt;b&gt;Qu\u2018est-ce qu\u2019un macroscope social ?&lt;\/b&gt;\"><b>Qu\u2018est-ce qu\u2019un macroscope social ?<\/b><span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-7' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-7' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Les t\u00e9l\u00e9scopes nous ont permis de voir les processus \u00e0 l\u2019\u0153uvre dans le cosmos, les microscopes nous ont permis de voir les processus \u00e0 l\u2019\u0153uvre dans le vivant, les macroscopes sociaux nous permettront de voir les processus \u00e0 l\u2019\u0153uvre dans nos soci\u00e9t\u00e9s.<\/p>\n<p>L&#8217;un des points de l&#8217;article est que des macroscopes sociaux existent d\u00e9j\u00e0, qu&#8217;ils peuvent \u00eatre fabriqu\u00e9s relativement ais\u00e9ment par qui s&#8217;en donne les moyens, qu&#8217;ils sont d\u00e9j\u00e0 utilis\u00e9s par certains acteurs, et que si le citoyen lambda n&#8217;a pas conscience de cela et qu&#8217;il n&#8217;est pas donn\u00e9 au grand public de s&#8217;emparer de ce type d&#8217;outils, alors ces macroscopes deviendront des instruments de domination.<\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Protanopia filter --> <!-- Deuteranopia filter --> <!-- Tritanopia filter --><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<\/div><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-rqd9-4f4a9d4bb3b4e879e56d7639b3762d0d\">\n.avia-image-container.av-rqd9-4f4a9d4bb3b4e879e56d7639b3762d0d img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-rqd9-4f4a9d4bb3b4e879e56d7639b3762d0d .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-rqd9-4f4a9d4bb3b4e879e56d7639b3762d0d av-styling- avia-align-center  avia-builder-el-13  el_after_av_toggle_container  avia-builder-el-last '   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class='wp-image-815 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-815 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/iscpif.fr\/chavalarias\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2017\/09\/PrimairesGauche.png\" alt='' title='PrimairesGauche'  height=\"1739\" width=\"1805\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iscpif.fr\/chavalarias\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2017\/09\/PrimairesGauche.png 1805w, https:\/\/iscpif.fr\/chavalarias\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2017\/09\/PrimairesGauche-300x289.png 300w, https:\/\/iscpif.fr\/chavalarias\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2017\/09\/PrimairesGauche-768x740.png 768w, https:\/\/iscpif.fr\/chavalarias\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2017\/09\/PrimairesGauche-1030x992.png 1030w, https:\/\/iscpif.fr\/chavalarias\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2017\/09\/PrimairesGauche-36x36.png 36w, https:\/\/iscpif.fr\/chavalarias\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2017\/09\/PrimairesGauche-1500x1445.png 1500w, https:\/\/iscpif.fr\/chavalarias\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2017\/09\/PrimairesGauche-705x679.png 705w, https:\/\/iscpif.fr\/chavalarias\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2017\/09\/PrimairesGauche-450x434.png 450w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1805px) 100vw, 1805px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/p><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-d4zot-95586db56a26f8fadae1abdea7851c3f hr-default  avia-builder-el-14  el_after_av_one_third  el_before_av_hr '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-at7hh-4a8c43e7232e44554edd7bd9e067ecf8 hr-default  avia-builder-el-15  el_after_av_hr  avia-builder-el-last '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":1335,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[32,33,3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-885","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news","category-politoscope","category-toread"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/iscpif.fr\/chavalarias\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/885","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/iscpif.fr\/chavalarias\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/iscpif.fr\/chavalarias\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iscpif.fr\/chavalarias\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iscpif.fr\/chavalarias\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=885"}],"version-history":[{"count":38,"href":"https:\/\/iscpif.fr\/chavalarias\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/885\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2143,"href":"https:\/\/iscpif.fr\/chavalarias\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/885\/revisions\/2143"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iscpif.fr\/chavalarias\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/1335"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/iscpif.fr\/chavalarias\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=885"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iscpif.fr\/chavalarias\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=885"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iscpif.fr\/chavalarias\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=885"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}